Although there have been no clinical trials to conclusively establish a cause-and-effect relationship between ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate or gonadotropins and cancer, evidence derived from prospective and cohort studies suggests the following:  

 No correlation between fertility drugs and ovarian cancer exists, but nulligravid women and those with borderline ovarian tumors or certain tumor histologies may be at increased risk. 

 Studies to date have had conflicting results, showing both increases as well as decreases in risk. Given that breast cancer is widely held to have a hormonal etiology, further studies examining a possible association between the disease and ovulation-inducing agents are needed.  

Brinton LA, Moghissi KS, Scoccia B, et al. Ovulation induction and cancer risk. 

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Although there have been no clinical trials to conclusively establish a cause-and-effect relationship between ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate or gonadotropins and cancer, evidence derived from prospective and cohort studies suggests the following: