Phase 3 results show oral zoliflodacin was non-inferior to ceftriaxone and azithromycin for uncomplicated urogenital gonorrhea.
The trial was conducted in collaboration with the Global Antibiotic Research & Development Partnership, with enrollment across sites in Belgium, the Netherlands, South Africa, Thailand, and the United States. According to the announcement, “Phase 3 findings show oral zoliflodacin to be non-inferior to the combination of ceftriaxone and azithromycin for the treatment of uncomplicated urogenital gonorrhea.”
Edward Hook, MD, Emeritus Professor of Medicine at the University of Alabama at Birmingham and the protocol chair, stated, “Gonorrhea continues to be a significant public health concern worldwide, and the growing challenge of antimicrobial resistance only heightens the urgency for new treatment options.” He added, “The findings published today in The Lancet provide important evidence supporting the potential role of zoliflodacin as a novel, single-dose oral therapy for uncomplicated gonorrhea.”
More than 82 million new cases of gonorrhea occur annually worldwide, and untreated infection can lead to serious reproductive or systemic complications. The bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae has developed resistance to most antimicrobial drug classes previously used for treatment. The announcement noted that the World Health Organization has identified antimicrobial resistance as one of the most urgent global health threats.2
Because of resistance patterns, ceftriaxone remains the only recommended first-line antimicrobial for uncomplicated gonorrhea in the United States. The announcement emphasized increasing clinical need, stating, “Gonorrhea is the second most reported bacterial STI in the United States, with resistance to first-line treatment emerging.”
The randomized, controlled, open-label study enrolled 930 adolescent and adult participants and compared a single 3-g oral dose of zoliflodacin with a single 500-mg intramuscular dose of ceftriaxone plus 1-g of azithromycin orally. The trial met prespecified non-inferiority endpoints for uncomplicated urogenital infection, with investigators reporting a treatment difference of 5.31% (95% CI, 1.38%–8.65%).
Stephanie Taylor, MD, professor of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center; medical director, LSU STD Research laboratory; and a study coauthor, stated, “Our study demonstrated the non-inferior efficacy of zoliflodacin in uncomplicated urogenital gonorrhea compared to a very potent, 2-drug regimen.” She added, “Microbiological cure rates at extragenital (pharyngeal and rectal) sites were also comparable between the 2 arms, and both exhibited a similar safety profile.”
No serious adverse events were reported, and safety outcomes were similar between groups.
The US FDA has granted zoliflodacin Qualified Infectious Disease Product status and previously accepted the New Drug Application for review, assigning a Prescription Drug User Fee Act target action date of December 15, 2025. The announcement stated that this designation allows zoliflodacin “to benefit from FDA Priority Review, and Extended Market Exclusivity.”
Patrik Hornak, MD, associate program director of the ID Fellowship Program and clinical director of the AIDS Education & Training Center Program at the University of Texas Medical Branch, commented, “Currently, there is only 1 first-line treatment option available for patients with uncomplicated urogenital gonorrhea. As clinicians, we are eagerly awaiting new treatments that can effectively overcome resistance and provide a single oral dosing option.” He added, “I am encouraged that these data will lead to a new option that supports early intervention.”
Zoliflodacin is a first-in-class oral antibacterial agent in development for a single-dose treatment approach, including against drug-resistant strains. Zoliflodacin inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase, a mechanism distinct from commonly used therapies. The investigational agent is being pursued in partnership with nonprofit and government collaborators focusing on antimicrobial resistance.
According to investigators and collaborating organizations, continued clinical evaluation and regulatory review will determine the role of zoliflodacin in future management strategies for uncomplicated gonorrhea, including populations with limited access to parenteral therapy or at increased risk of antimicrobial resistance.
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