Jennifer L. Payne, MD

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Lauren is a 37-year-old with a long history of recurrent major depression who is currently stable on vortioxetine, a newer antidepressant. She presents for advice regarding psychiatric medication use during pregnancy. She has a history of nonresponse to classic SSRI medications and two psychiatric hospitalizations one of which was after a serious suicide attempt. What should her psychiatrist advise her?

Managing psychiatric disorders in the setting of pregnancy is confusing and complex; complicating matters is a large amount of conflicting literature that is difficult to absorb, interpret, and use for best practices. Those of us who have specialized in perinatal psychiatry have spent a large amount of time thinking about the best approaches to designing treatment plans for pregnant patients. This article will discuss a few common errors in thinking that we frequently see in the management of the perinatal psychiatric population.

While medication discontinuation during pregnancy is appropriate for some patients it is not for many others. Relapse rates for women with mood disorders who discontinue medications for pregnancy are incredibly high: up to 70% in women with major depression and 85% or higher for women with bipolar disorder.

 Many women suffer symptom relapse when their psychiatric medications are discontinued for pregnancy. In comparison, only one-third of women who do not stop their medications for pregnancy have symptom relapse. Thus, stopping medications practically guarantees that the pregnancy will be exposed to psychiatric illness.

Psychiatric illness, especially depression, during pregnancy has been associated with multiple negative outcomes for the exposed baby, including preterm delivery, low birth weight, decreased motor tone and activity in the baby, higher cortisol levels in the baby, poor reflexes in the baby as well as overall worse health status and increased risk for preeclampsia and gestational diabetes. The negative effects of postpartum depression on exposed babies include lower IQ, slower language development, and higher rates of ADHD as well as behavior problems and psychiatric illness.

Exposure to maternal psychiatric illness either during pregnancy and/or during the postpartum period can lead to undesirable and negative outcomes for the exposed child. These risks should not be forgotten when considering whether to continue a psychiatric medication during pregnancy.

A second common scenario is that a woman’s medication is continued during pregnancy but at a lower dose than what was needed to get her well or, conversely the medication is continued but not increased or changed in the setting of illness recurrence. In this case, the woman and her baby are being exposed to both the medication and psychiatric illness-the better approach is to treat to wellness-otherwise why use the medication in the first place?

In general, perinatal psychiatrists recommend using older medications that we know more about in pregnancy rather than newer ones about which we know little to nothing in pregnancy. However, this rule of thumb applies to treatment planning before pregnancy. Once a woman is pregnant, the infant is already exposed to the newer medication and switching risks relapse of the illness as well as exposure to the second medication. So, if you’re going to make change-do so before pregnancy.

Switching to a category B medication is a particular error that is similar to the previous one but also involves a misunderstanding of the old FDA pregnancy category B. The old pregnancy categories are being phased out and replaced with a summary on the label of all available data on the safety and risks of a medication during pregnancy and lactation. However, the pregnancy categories are still used for some older medications and are readily available on the internet.

Category B combines medications that have reassuring animal data but no human data, with medications that have demonstrated an adverse effect in animals but have no demonstrated risk in humans. Thus, many providers conclude that if a medication is category B, the medication is safer to use during pregnancy compared with a category C or D medication. However, many Category B classified medications simply have no human data at all and therefore are not preferable over medications that we have safety and risk data for in humans.

Switching to a different medication while breastfeeding because it has a lower passage into breast milk is a well-intentioned practice but also increases the number of exposures for the infant: to the medication used during pregnancy (note that the exposure in utero is far larger than the exposure in breastfeeding), to the medication used in breastfeeding, and potentially to psychiatric relapse. Switching to a different medication while breastfeeding should only be done in the case of a history of response to medication that could not be used during pregnancy but can be used during breastfeeding (such as valproic acid) or in the case of taking a medication during pregnancy that should not be used during breastfeeding such as clozapine and in some cases lithium. Switching should also be undertaken there is symptom relapse on the current psychiatric medication(s) but not for the purposes of limiting exposure during breastfeeding.

It often makes sense to try to “clean up” a medication regimen and switch to medications with data prior to attempting pregnancy. However, when a woman is older, her risk of genetic malformations such as Down syndrome increases with each passing year. In the spirit of treating the whole patient, taking time to change a medication regimen and risk relapse and spend time finding a medication regimen that is helpful may not make sense. In this setting the provider does best to educate the patient about this risk to make sure she makes an informed decision about her treatment options.

Many providers get nervous about benzodiazepine use in  pregnant women, and particularly in the setting of an unplanned pregnancy will, as a knee jerk reaction, refuse to prescribe benzodiazepines when a woman finds herself pregnant. However, sudden discontinuation of benzodiazepines can precipitate withdrawal symptoms including unstable changes in blood pressure and heart rate, and can result in seizures, none of which are particularly good for the patient, her baby, or the pregnancy.

Attempting to taper and minimize the regular use of benzodiazepines during pregnancy is a more reasonable approach that supports the health of both mother and baby. Tapering of benzodiazepines can be accomplished by switching to a longer-acting agent followed by a taper of 20% every 24 hours in the setting of a motivated patient and good supports. Many patients will require a slower taper and can be decreased every 3 to 7 days.

I have evaluated a number of patients who come to me for advice about coming off their psychiatric medications for pregnancy who continue to smoke tobacco, drink alcohol, use marijuana, or take opiates. It is important to address these known risk factors for negative pregnancy outcomes and emphasize that these substances have very clear risks if continued during pregnancy, while most (but not all) psychiatric medications do not.

I have evaluated a number of patients in which appropriate treatment has been withheld because the patient was pregnant. Providers have the good intention of not exposing the baby to psychiatric medications; however, they neglect the very real risk of exposure to psychiatric illness and unhealthy and unpredictable maternal behaviors. Furthermore, there are very few medical illnesses for which we withhold treatment during pregnancy and psychiatric illness should not be an exception.

Unfortunately, lithium use during pregnancy has a very bad reputation because of early studies that found an increased rate of Ebstein anomaly in in utero exposed infants. However, more recent data reveal that the risk of Ebstein anomaly in exposed infants is less than 1%, while the risk of relapse of bipolar I disorder with discontinuation of lithium during pregnancy is approximately 85% to 100%.

Lithium should be considered as a possible treatment option during pregnancy for patients who respond well to lithium and have a history of severe bipolar illness. You may also want to consider switching to an atypical antipsychotic although this carries a risk of relapse in patients who respond to lithium.

Lithium use during breast-feeding remains controversial. Although can be supported in some individual cases it is not recommended in patients who are disorganized or unlikely to recognize dehydration in an infant.

To be clear, I am not recommending that valproic acid or carbamazepine not be prescribed to women who may become pregnant. I am, however, recommending that contingency plans be in place when these medications are prescribed in women because neither should be used in pregnancy except in exceptional circumstances. If valproic acid or carbamazepine are to be used in a woman who has the potential to become pregnant, it is important that she clearly understands that she should not take these medications during pregnancy and that any pregnancy should be a planned one, and other medications will be used during pregnancy.

Discussion of contraception choices should be carried out and initiation of contraception should be encouraged and if possible undertaken. In addition, the association between valproic acid exposure and the development of polycyctic ovarian syndrome and the potential for decreased fertility should be discussed. In general, I recommend prescribing valproic acid and carbamazepine in women of reproductive age only when other, safer medication choices for pregnancy such as lithium or atypical antipsychotics have failed.

Let’s return to the clinical case of Lauren described at the beginning of this article. What are some appropriate treatment options for her during pregnancy? She has a history of severe illness requiring hospitalization, a history of a significant suicide attempt, and a history of non-response to SSRI medications. She is, however, on a newer antidepressant about which we know little during pregnancy.

An option is to attempt to switch her to an older medication about which we know more, but not an SSRI since she has a history of nonresponse. However, since Lauren is in her late 30s it might not make sense to take the time to undertake medication trials and risk relapse of her illness, which has been severe in the past. Her options should be discussed in detail, using a risk-risk approach: discussing the risks of psychiatric medication use during pregnancy, the risks of switching to a different medication, and the risks of psychiatric illness during pregnancy to both the patient, her pregnancy, and her infant.

Finally, let’s revisit her case with the added detail that Lauren is in fact currently pregnant. Does this change recommendations? Absolutely. If Lauren is already pregnant, it does not make sense to switch to an older medication because the developing baby is already exposed to the medication and switching increases the risk of relapse and exposing the baby not only to the original antidepressant but also a second medication. In this case, it would be better to continue with a medication known to work for Lauren and try to minimize the number of exposures for the baby.

There are no easy answers in designing a psychiatric medication plan for pregnancy, but a calm, thoughtful approach can help us promote maternal mental health which is not only good for the mother, but also for her baby.

2. Underestimating the risks of psychiatric illness in pregnancy.

4. Switching to a newer and less studied medication to an older one with more data after a woman is pregnant.

5. Switching to a different medication during breastfeeding because it has a lower passage into breast milk.

6. Trying to change medications prior to pregnancy when a woman is in her late 30s or early 40s.

8. Stopping benzodiazepines without tapering.

9. Not addressing substance use cessation.

10. Refusing to give a psychotic pregnant woman an antipsychotic.

12. Prescribing valproic acid or carbamazepine in reproductive aged women without a contraception plan or a plan for medication management during pregnancy.

There are no easy answers in designing a medication plan for mood disorders during pregnancy, but a calm, thoughtful approach can help promote maternal mental health which is not only good for the mother, but also for the baby.

1. Cohen LS, Altshuler LL, Harlow BL, et al. Relapse of major depression during pregnancy in women who maintain or discontinue antidepressant treatment. 

2. Viguera AC, Nonacs R, Cohen LS, et al. Risk of recurrence of bipolar disorder in pregnant and nonpregnant women after discontinuing lithium maintenance. 

3. Viguera AC, Whitfield T, Baldessarini RJ, et al. Risk of recurrence in women with bipolar disorder during pregnancy: prospective study of mood stabilizer discontinuation. 

4. Gopalan P, Glance JB, Azzam PN. Managing benzodiazepine withdrawal during pregnancy: case-based guidelines. 

5. Patorno E, Huybrechts KF, Bateman BT, et al. Lithium use in pregnancy and the risk of cardiac malformations. 

6. Newmark RL, Bogen DL, Wisner KL, et al. Risk-benefit assessment of infant exposure to lithium through breast milk: a systematic review of the literature. 

Author | Jennifer L. Payne, MD

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