Paul Perry, MD

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 "I'm Paul Perry, Chairman of the       International Pelvic Pain Society, and we're here with Dr. Jill Peters,       who is one of our speakers today. Dr. Peters, if you'd just introduce       yourself and tell us where you're from."
       
       

 "I'm Dr.       Jill Peters, I'm a urologist in Connecticut. I'm the Director of a       continence program for Women's Health Connecticut, which is a statewide       network of gynecologists, and I practice urology."
       
       

 "As you       know, we have two main areas of focus in the IPPS, one is to educate       patients, and the other is to educate physicians. If we are going to talk       to the patients in a way that would explain to them what interstitial       cystitis is, and what some of the symptoms they need to watch for are -       how would you go about presenting that?"
       
       

       "Interstitial cystitis is a chronic problem of the bladder, and it       frequently presents with urinary frequency - normally you having to get up       at night more than two or three times, frequency throughout the day,       sometimes urgency where you have an incredible urge to have to get to the       bathroom very quickly, and often times pain. The pain may be somewhat of a       pressure, it's often described as a superpubic pressure that makes you       feel like you need to get to the bathroom. Sometimes it can be pain with       intercourse or pain in the urethra."
       
       

 "As far as       the clinicians out there - could you give us some idea about the spectrum       of disease that we see that will specifically relate to chronic pelvic       pain whenever we are investigating it?"
       
       

 "Again, as       a clinician, often times we see women or men with what we think of as a       urinary tract infection - frequency, urgency, sometimes discomfort. But       the key is if you're seeing those patients, and they're having kind of up       and down symptoms, and there's not really a positive culture - then you       should always suspect interstitial cystitis. Often times people will have       symptoms for years, and we kind of label them as chronic cystitis or       urethritis, and it's really a symptom complex that you need to think of.       Again, whenever you have frequency, urgency, and any superpubic discomfort       or pain - typically that discomfort is relieved with voiding - that's one       of tale-tell clues. Again, you just need to think of interstitial       cystitis."
       
       

 "What are       some of the other symptoms that might go along with interstitial cystitis?       Is there a problem with pain with intercourse or any other medical       entity?"
       
       

 "About       60%-70% of women may have pain with intercourse, they often describe this       kind of pain as deep inside the pelvis. Many of these people will also       have migraines or irritable bowel, a pain on the external part of the       vulva, and sometimes there are other associated problems - fibromyalgia or       joint problems. There's a lot of concomitant diseases that go along."
       
       

 "Why do       you think it is that there seems to be more women with interstitial       cystitis than men?"
       
       

 "I think       part of this has been just our knowledge, as urologists we're the ones       that primarily make the diagnosis of interstitial cystitis. It's diagnosed       first because you think of it as a possibility but in part it's a       diagnosis based on excluding other things. In men, we tend not to look for       it and to do the tests that would make the diagnosis. Men tend to get       labeled as having prostatitis or chronic prostatitis. So I think we see it       more often in women because we're looking for it more often in women, and       I think as we get further along understanding what this disease is, we may       actually see it more often in men. That's the trend that we're seeing       right now."
       
       

 "We've       talked about the symptoms that these patients may have, what about when a       patient presents at your office with those symptoms? Just kind of go       through your examination if you would, and let me know how you pick up       interstitial cystitis."
       
       

 "Usually       the patients have already been treated, for example, with recurrent       urinary tract infections and had negative cultures. I'll go through a       pretty thorough history - seeing how far back they've had symptoms. I'll       ask them if there's any things that cause a flare up of their symptoms and       often times diet, caffeine, alcohol, intercourse, or their menstrual cycle       may cause a flare up of symptoms. Those are all clues that that's what       this could be. Next, we'll have them go through and look at their       medication, and see if there are any concomitant diseases. Examination is       basically like a typical gynecological exam, we're looking carefully to       see if there's any tenderness along the urethra, any tenderness in the       vagina. Sometimes women can get little cysts or diverticulum that can       mimic this, and normally the exam is really pretty normal other than some       mild tenderness in the pelvic area. Urinalysis is normal in the most part,       so what we'll do is give them some dietary instructions, and have them go       home and do what's called a "voiding log" to try to see if       they're voiding small amounts or large amounts of urine throughout the       day. Then based on that, if there's a high enough index of suspicion,       we'll usually then bring them in for a test which is typically done under       anesthesia. It involves looking inside the bladder and actually distending       the bladder, and that's how we usually will make the diagnosis."
       
       

 "Is there       any one physical finding that you can think of that would be the most       typical for interstitial cystitis?"
       
       

 "Not       really, it's not something that you can pin point on physical exam, it's       usually the history more than anything. If you really talk to patients,       some people will have frequency because they'll leak if they don't go to       the bathroom very often. With interstitial cystitis, it's almost like this       nagging pressure feeling in their pelvis that makes them feel like they       have to go to the bathroom, and if they don't go - if they're stuck in       traffic - they'll actually start having pain. Characteristically, that       discomfort or pain is relieved once they urinate. So because they only get       relief with voiding, what they tend to do is then start voiding very       frequently because that's the only time that they really feel somewhat       good. That's a classic kind of picture but there's a lot of variation       along the line."
       
       

 "What do       you think about the association between the pelvic floor dysfunctions and       interstitial cystitis - why is that seen so often, and what can we do       about that?"
       
       

 "Pelvic       floor dysfunction is basically a muscle spasm of the pelvic muscles that       kind of are the floor of the pelvis in which the bladder sits. I use the       analogy if someone has a herniated disk in their back, the body's response       to that pain in the disk is a paravertebral or a muscle spasm next to the       spine, and that's a protective defense that we have that stabilizes the       back and keeps the back from moving, and it helps the pain. In the pelvis,       if you have pain whether it be from the bladder or from endometriosis or       any entity that's causing pain even a bladder infection, you'll get a       response - a natural response - I think, in some cases of a pelvic muscle       spasm. And we see this after hernia operations, people have surgery then       they can't urinate because the muscles are in so much spasm as a response       to the pain. So I think it may be the pelvic pathology - the       endometriosis, the interstitial cystitis, the whatever that causes the       pain that then the body reacts by having this muscle spasm. That could be       one scenario. We do see children that almost learn to not relax their       pelvic muscles and become very dysfunctional at an early age."
       
       

 "In your       experience, what treatments would you propose for a patient, and how would       you present their course of therapy? Do you tell them that you have X% of       a chance of being cured or how do you establish that?"
       
       

       "Interstitial cystitis is a disease that we don't know what causes       it, and we don't have a cure at this point. There are maybe about maybe       10% of people who will have their symptoms spontaneously go away as oddly       as it comes but for the most part, people with interstitial cystitis will       either have lots of pain and very little frequency or they'll have lots of       frequency and very little pain. The people that have lots of pain will       tend to use medications such as amitriptyline or Elavil - things that       focus more on pain. There are medications available to help to restore the       lining of the bladder and make the lining more healthy. People that have       lots of frequency, on the other end of the spectrum, with less pain will       tend to focus more on the frequency, and medications like DMSO that go       inside the bladder, and Elmiron which is a tablet that you take that helps       to restore the protective barrier on the lining of our bladder - that       works quite well. There are many different treatment options, and the key       thing is that each person's a little bit different, and they're on       different points of the spectrum - so we individualize it quite       honestly."
       
       

 "Dr.       Peters, thank you very much for being here on 

,       and we thank you for speaking at the IPPS meeting today. I'm sure you'd       want to acknowledge that there is hope for patients with interstitial       cystitis."
       
       

       "Definitely, we're spending an incredible amount of money on research       right now. There's great hope that within the next couple of years       actually, we will have this thing figured out and hopefully have a cure       for interstitial cystitis."
       
       

 "Thank you       very much."
       
       

Articles

OBGYN.net Conference CoverageFrom International Pelvic Pain SocietySimsbury Connecticut - April/May, 1999

Interstitial Cystitis

 "Good morning, we're here at the Pennsylvania Inn in the greater Hartford area, it's our annual International Pelvic Pain Society meeting. We have this morning, Dr. John Gibbons, with us who is speaking on the topic of vulvodynia here at our conference. I'm Paul Perry from Birmingham, Alabama, and I'm Chairman of the Board. Dr. Gibbons, I'd just like to ask you a couple of questions. First, as you know, our main thrust is public education regarding chronic pelvic pain and professional education. From a public education standpoint, if you want to speak to the women in general about vulvodynia, the concept, and what it is - how would you explain it?"



 "Vulvodynia is a poorly understood chronic condition that involves pain in the genital area of the female. It can be divided into several categories - dysesthetic vulvodynia is the professional term for the subset of these conditions characterized by unexplained constant burning pain. Another subset is vulvar vestibulitis, and in patients whose condition is solely limited to that aspect of the broad category of vulva pain, in those patients, their complaints are pain on touch or pressure so that insertion of tampons or sexual relations become exquisitely painful and finally impossible."



 "You've seen from a professional stand-point that many patients will sort of fall through the cracks, so to speak, because the diagnosis is missed?"



 "Absolutely, the patients that I see have characteristically been to two, three, four, sometimes five or six specialists attempting to get help for this condition. They have been told that they have chronic yeast infections. Some of them have been told that they have a psychosomatic disorder; they have seen therapists. They have gone through every imaginable category of allied health provider trying to seek some understanding of their condition. Often they are rejected by their families; there's usually tension in the marriage because of the sensitive and interpersonal nature of their complaints, so that these women are close to desperate by the time they reach a knowledgeable health professional."



 "Do you also think that the professional care of these women could be improved if we could educate the physicians who are caring for them to pick up one or two clues in the history, or do one or two things in the physical examination that would tip them off to the diagnosis, and get them on the proper course?"



 "I think undoubtedly. I think the first thing is to recognize that this collection of symptoms that we know in medicine as a syndrome does exist. While we're not clear about causes, we are clear about the existence of the problem. We're clear about the impact that it has on our patients, and we have a list of accepted treatment modalities that can be applied with varying degrees of success - but we can certainly help these women. The first step for the physician is an appreciation that the problem does exist, an understanding of how these women present, and what physical finding are or are not present. And finally then, an understanding of what treatment modalities are available."



 "What do you think would be the key as far as physical diagnosis is concerned?"



 "Most of these women have very few physical findings. As a matter of fact, the women with dysesthetic vulvodynia - I apologize for using that big word - are those women are the patients who have constant burning discomfort in the area of the external genitalia and often in the areas surrounding it, the so-called "saddle" area where the body would come in contact with a riding saddle. Those patients have almost no physical findings. They are perfectly normal in every aspect of examination. Women who have vestibulitis, on the other hand, have very few visible physical findings but always have exquisite tenderness of those delicate tissues at the entrance to the vagina when those tissues are lightly touched with a Q-tip, for example."



 "Let's talk about that Q-tip test for just a minute because I think that probably is the most neglected part of the physical examination in these women in causes of diagnosis of vestibulitis to be missed more often. Could you give us a little idea about where the examination should be taken?"



 "Of course, the area that is in question here is known as the vulvar vestibule; vestibule is a familiar term - the entry way. This area of the body is demarcated by a line between the labia majora - the larger lips, and running down the base of the labia minora - the smaller lips, so that the tissue inside those smaller vaginal lips extending upward toward the hymen and including the hymen is what we refer to as the "vestibule." That area of the body also includes the urinary meatus - the outlet from the bladder and various glands that surround those structures. The physician then in examining that area uses a cotton tipped applicator, which is simply a Q-tip. Some physicians prefer that it be wet and others just take it dry. The secret though, is very, very light pressure along specific points in that area and where there is tenderness, asking the patient to characterize the tenderness on a scale of 0-10, whether it's no pain or exquisite pain and then plotting that on a diagram. Most physicians will find that in women with vestibulitis, the tenderness is most pronounced just below the hymenal margin and around the orifices of the so-called "Bartholin" gland ducts."



 "You know that's one of our crusades, Dr. Gibbons, is to try to get every physician who care for women, that when a women comes in with that complaint, to do the Q-tip test because if you don't do it, the diagnosis which can be totally debilitating will be missed. Let's turn just a little bit down to treatment of these different conditions. I know vulvodynia is a fairly broad category, so let's think primarily of the dysesthetic vulvodynias first, and give us some idea about how you approach that in your treatment."



 "The mainstay of treatment for women with dysesthetic vulvodynia aside from the usual measures that we take in all of these patients to avoid vulvar irritation, and to get irritants and allergens out of the picture - and those are general measures of vulvar hygiene. The mainstay of treatments for these women is in the use of tricyclic antidepressants, not because we think that these women are depressed but because we know that these drugs are effective in various pain syndromes, such as the neuralgia that women get after an attack of shingles. So that these drugs, I think of all of the pharmacologic agents that have been composed for this syndrome are the most effective, and I would say that's the mainstay. There are other drugs and techniques that can be used. I want to mention particularly - biofeedback, which I think is achieving more and more respect as a modality of therapy that can be terribly effective by itself but even more effective if combined with other measures."



 "Great. What about vulvar vestibulitis? We see a lot of different treatments; I think one of that is because the ideology is so confusing, and maybe, mostly factorial. But do you have a regiment that you go through in your practice?"



 "It really depends very much on the presentation of the woman. I think the first thing is to make sure that all the measures are taken to exclude other causes for the pain. So we have to be sure that there's no dermatitis there, that there's no vaginitis or vulvovaginitis, that there's no other cause for the signs and symptoms that you see this woman exhibiting. Once that's been ruled out, I think in vestibulitis, one - get rid of the allergens and the irritants, go through the list of vulvar hygiene methods with the patient. If the area is acutely irritated and some of them are simply because they've been irritated sometimes by women attempting to press the area to get rid of the discomfort, and soothing compresses can be applied. So there's a list of easy things that can be done at first. There are two really accepted treatments that seem to be specific for vulvar vestibulitis. To mention the first, interferon injections which were described by Benson Howards/Hollards from Hartford here about ten years ago as being extraordinarily effective, have still been found to be, perhaps 50% effective in the treatment of groups of these women. It is not an easy regiment to follow; it involves three injections right directly into that area per week, for a 4-week course. Aside from some local discomfort, there may be constitutional or systemic discomfort associated with at least the early injections. Of even more success, but obviously a step that takes great consideration, is the surgical removal of the tissues that are involved. We refer to that as a U-shaped vestibulectomy with perineorrhaphy, and it involves a removal of a crescent-shaped piece of tissue, basically the lower two-thirds of the vestibule including that portion of the hymen, undermining or freeing up the back wall of the vagina and then bringing that down to cover that surgical defect. The operation is very effective in carefully chosen cases. In my own experience, some 75% of women in a carefully selected series will have complete relief, another 15% will have enough relief so that they are back to functioning and back happily in their personal relationships, and there's about a 10% failure rate. Bornstein's group from Israel reports in the pure vestibulitis patient an even higher success rate with surgery. But I have to emphasize how carefully these patients must be selected before entering into that sort of radical therapy."



 "Dr. Gibbons, we really appreciate you being with us this morning, and as one that has benefited from your experience, and we want to be thanking 

 for allowing us to share this with our other colleagues. Thank you very much."



OBGYN.net Conference Coverage From IPPS - Simsbury Connecticut - April/May, 1999

Vulvodynia

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OBGYN.net Conference CoverageFrom IPPS - Simsbury, Connecticut - April/May, 1999

Discussion of the Future of IPPS and the Care and Treatment of Women with Chronic Pelvic Pain

       "Good morning, I'm Dr. Paul Perry from Birmingham, Alabama. I'm       Chairman of the Board of the International Pelvic Pain Society, and this       morning we have with us Deborah Metzger. Dr. Metzger has been a founder of       the International Pelvic Pain Society and has been on our board since it's       conception. Deborah, good morning. I'd like for you to just introduce       yourself, and tell us a little bit about yourself, and then we'll get into       it."
       
       

       "Good morning. I'm Deborah Metzger, I have both a Ph.D. and MD. I had       fellowship training in reproductive endocrine and infertility which makes       me rather unique in a pelvic pain setting, and most of my practice is       devoted to chronic pelvic pain. I'm at Helena Women's Health in Palo Alto,       California, and I'm Medical Director there."
       
       

       "Dr. Metzger's been instrumental in having our research committee       develop an instrument we hope will be available to all physicians. I'd       like Deborah to explain that to us and also to talk about where she sees       the society heading in the next four or five years."
       
       

       "I'm very, very pleased that this multidisciplinary group has been       able to get together and develop a pelvic pain questionnaire designed for       women with chronic pelvic pain. Why is that important? If you think about       the pelvis, it contains the reproductive organs, the urinary tract, the       bowel, muscles, joints, and nerves - so you're talking about a       neurologist, urologist, gynecologist, and general surgeon all coming to       some consensus on what historical questions are important in evaluating       women with chronic pelvic pain. So this is a questionnaire that will be       universally applicable to any woman with chronic pelvic pain regardless of       who she initially sees for evaluation."
       
       

       "You know that's quite a job. Congratulations, Dr. Metzger, on       getting that many physicians to agree on a form that could be used       universally. And you might want to remind the clinicians that the form is       available free of charge on our website - 

       - if they want to they can download it and use it in their practice. What       do you see is the next step for the Research Committee of the IPPS, and       where do you see the future going?"
       
       

       "Let's start with where I see us ten years from now. Ten years from       now I foresee that chronic pelvic pain will be an integral part of any       residency program whether it's urologic, general surgery, or obstetrics       and gynecology. I also foresee that there will be a pelvic pain fellowship       which will be cross disciplinary so that someone who is initially trained       in gynecology will then learn urologic procedures and everything else so       they can be a really full service for someone with chronic pelvic pain or       at least have the ability to assess the particular needs of a woman. So       the question is - how are we going to get to that point? We have lists of       diagnoses, and the lists are very long. So how do you hone it down to       potential diagnoses and down to something where you can target the       treatment or target future diagnostic tests and have it be meaningful in       that the pain is addressed and the patients get better? So what I see as       the future in order to get to the next ten years is to develop a       standardized approach to doing an abdominal pelvic exam for an examination       in these women with chronic pelvic pain. What does that mean? I mean, you       can check every little place and everything and get places of pain, but       what does it mean? For example, if we have pelvic congestion - which is a       relatively common problem, and it can co-exist with other recent pelvic       pain - how do you isolate that cause out from other reasons for pelvic       pain that may or may not exist in the same woman? This is work that I've       been doing but it really needs to be extended to other practitioners       because right now it's only isolated to my practice and my particular way       of doing things. But if we take this woman and we ask her - what kind of       pain are you having, where is it, when you have bowel movements - what       kind of pain is it? And you get it after discussing with the patient; you       isolate it down to several different components of pain. Then you do your       exam, and for a woman with pelvic congestion, pressing on the ovarian       point on her abdomen and palpating her adnexa and finding out that it       reproduces part of her pain. I've taken sixty of those women and have done       transcervical neograms, and 81% of those women have evidence of pelvic       congestion - so that part of the exam is highly predictive of that       finding.
       
       So what if you have a woman who has pelvic congestion, hernias, and       endometriosis in the cul-de-sac - how are you going to first of all       diagnose all those different components? Then when you're talking about       follow up - to see how effective your treatment is - how are you going to       follow up? That's why doing the exam is going to be so important because       if you break it down to components, for example, we know that for       diagnosing occult ingrown hernias - one of the most predictive part of the       exam for determining hernias is actually an internal inguinal exam -       that's a 100% predictive of hernias. When we do a hernia repair on a woman       and three, six, or nine months later we want to see if that part of the       procedure was effective at relieving that component of pain, we would       repeat the pelvic exam. We would palpate the internal inguinal and find       out what the pain score is from 0-10 and correlate that with her improved       function and quality of life and all those other things. Likewise, if she       also had endometriosis at the same time and most of her pain was in the       cul-de-sac, you could palpate the cul-de-sac and get a pain score that way       and correlate that with improvement. So we can break things down into       components. We look at the most common reasons for chronic pelvic pain, at       least that's done in my practice, and I'm at the point now where I would       say we're able to assure 90-95% of these patients who basically had no       hope. I think we're doing a much better job of putting all of this       together, but the most common things are abdominal wall trigger points,       pelvic congestion, endometriosis, adhesions, interstitial cystitis,       hernias, and duodenum meralgia. Those are the most common ones - so how       are we going to ease them out from this mass of symptoms that a woman       presents with? That's what my goal is in the next couple of years, to work       on developing a paradigm for diagnosis and treatment."
       
       

       "I've heard that's consistent with the philosophy that we're to       educate the public, and that there is help available, and to educate       professionals that you use the multidisciplinary approach and are trained       in the physical diagnosis and history taking. Many of these patients who       have no hope suddenly have hope, and I do think that it's true as you said       - our success rate continues to climb because we put more and more things       together. What do you think the research committee's disseminating role in       training will be? You mentioned fellowship but how about the general       clinician out there that's seeing only the office gynecologist, even       physical therapists - how can we help them help the patients? They may not       have a patient who lives in a rural area now that has a clinician trained       in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic pelvic pain - so how do we help       them gain access?"
       
       

       "Again, if we're talking about chronic pelvic pain, we also have to       take a multidisciplinary approach to disseminating the information, and so       far we've done it in a variety of ways. This meeting here, I think it's       very, very important having 

       cover the meeting. It allows physicians and health professionals who live       in rural areas or for one reason or another don't have access to these       meetings to access this information and it can be disseminated. Also       publishing - it means doing a lot of speaking, speaking out in the public       press and also taking some leadership roles in, for example, for pre-op of       a committee for residency training in obstetrics and gynecology. Right now       physicians are not necessarily taught in their residency anything about       common everyday things that they see everyday. They're not taught about       the common things. If you see a proportion of time is spent in a residency       on oncology or cancer which is usually about six to nine months before       your residency, and compare that to how commonly we see pelvic pain -       there's like a 50 to 1 ratio, but time spent in a residency is not       proportional to how commonly we see these problems."
       
       

       "That's a great point, and I'm sure you agree that most of the things       that we've learned about our patients - we've had to learn from our       patients, and we weren't taught in our residency, and we weren't offered       very frequently in our continued education courses, and that's again       another reason for the existence of IPPS. Just to remind people again,       it's 

       if you want to download the pelvic pain assessment form - they're       available. Our committee is going to be working at the Fort Lauderdale       meeting in October on trying to correlate a common acceptable physical       examination that would, hopefully, not miss any of these things that are       common in this life - vestibulitis, hernias, and that type of thing. Dr.       Metzger, maybe you better get downstairs to get the meeting started. She's       been very busy these past 24-48 hours. I want to thank you again for being       with us on 

OBGYN.net Conference Coverage:From International Pelvic Pain SocietySimsbury Connecticut - April/May, 1999

The Importance of Physical Exams and History-Taking in Chronic Pelvic Pain Assessment

 "I'm Dr.       Paul Perry, and we're at the Hartford Meeting of the International Pelvic       Pain Society. We have with us one of our board members - Dr. David Olive.       Dr. Olive is going to discuss with us the concept of office laparoscopy       for the diagnosis of chronic pelvic pain and pain mapping. David, do just       want to give us a little introduction of what you do, and who you       are?"
       
       

 "My name       is Dave Olive, I'm the Director of Reproductive Endocrinology and       Infertility, and Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Yale University       School of Medicine. One of the things that we do within our section is run       a fairly large pelvic pain clinic."
       
       

 "Dr.       Olive has had a great deal of experience with laparoscopy under conscious       sedation, and I'll ask him if would sort of relate where we are with that.       There is a great deal of interest among gynecologists, especially those       who do pain work, about the effectiveness of office laparoscopy and pain       mapping. Would you just share with us your experience? We would appreciate       that."
       
       

 "We do       have a long experience using office laparoscopy under local anesthesia and       conscious sedation. It's the mechanism by which we can help determine what       might be hurting the patient, and in fact, if it's a treatable disease by       surgery vs. a treatable disease medically. We started out a long time ago,       about four or five years ago, looking at the concept of local anesthesia       and conscious sedation as a means of doing laparoscopy for a variety of       different things. And while it's certainly possible to do a lot of things       in the office or in other types of non-traditional settings with       laparoscopy, the one thing that's unique to laparoscopy and conscious       sedation is the ability to do pain mapping within the pelvis and the       abdomen. It gives us an opportunity not simply to palpate the abdomen       externally or to do a pelvic examination to try to determine where the       pain might be, but actually to have if you would, a hands-on-approach to       the pelvic organs, and the inner lining of the abdomen and pelvis in       determining exactly what might be hurting, as well as what pathology might       seem to exist."
       
       

 "What       about the common questions regarding the safety and the cost of office       laparoscopy, Dr. Olive? What would you have to say about that?"
       
       

 "We've       looked at both of those issues, and there is no question that it's cheaper       to do a laparoscopy in an office or other non-traditional settings than it       is in a hospital. Your costs as well as your charges will probably be       decreased, and that's an advantage both for the physician and for the       patient, as well as the payer. In terms of safety, office laparoscopy or       at least laparoscopy in non-traditional settings has been around for a       long time. There have been probably as many procedures done in       non-traditional settings under local anesthesia and conscious sedation, as       there have been with general anesthesia. While it's not the norm in the       United States - worldwide it's a very, very common phenomena. If you look       at the complication profile and rates for procedures done outside of the       traditional operating room, you'll find that they are no higher, and in       fact frequently are lower than those done within the hospital setting,       probably a reflection of the ability to screen appropriately for patients.       What we believe is if you can screen properly for your patients, and if       you have skill and understanding of the potential complications that can       occur - you can take measures to avoid those complications, and it can be       an extremely safe procedure."
       
       

 "David,       we've done about 150 office laparoscopies at our pelvic pain center and       have had only three complications, and those three were just the inability       to get into the abdomen. What is your complication rate, and what type of       complications have you seen?"
       
       

 "We had       about a 92% satisfaction rate among the physicians in terms of getting the       information that they want to get from the procedure itself. The patients       are satisfied with the procedure 96% of the time. Of those few times where       patients or a physician are not satisfied, generally it's from an       inability to get the information that we have intended to get at the onset       of the procedure. In terms of actual surgical complications - they're very       rare. I think again because we screen our patients quite well. We've had       one patient in whom we got into the small bowel with office laparoscopy.       That was a patient that we knew was high-risk going in; she understood the       risks and consented - actually preferred - to attempt it anyway. Getting       into the small bowel with a 2 mm instrument is obviously less traumatic       than with larger instruments, and I think we probably would have done it       anyway had we done the procedure in the operating room. Other than that,       our main complications have been shoulder pain in about 3% of the patients       following the procedure. We've had one patient who had intractable pain at       one of the sites of the trocars that lasted overnight. Other than that,       we've had no real complications whatsoever."
       
       

 "We owe       a great gratitude to you and your group to give us the numbers. I       appreciate the fact that you are following these patients and giving us       updates so frequently. But what do you see the role of office laparoscopy       under conscious sedation being, let's say, five years from now?"
       
       

 "I think       one of the things that we need to learn is what the capabilities of this       procedure happen to be. When we started out it was a purely diagnostic       procedure. We thought we could look, we could find things, and then if       there was something out of the norm - then we could go in the operating       room. Very quickly we understood there were some minor surgical procedures       that we could do with not much advancement in the instrumentation.       Furthermore, we developed the concept of conscious pain mapping, which I       think has helped us a great deal in terms of dealing with pelvic pain. I       think in reality, the sky's going to be the limit as we develop more and       more instrumentation that works easily and works well as a small diameter       instrument as we make these inexpensive enough to fit into a doctor's       office or to a step-down unit in an ambulatory surgery center. As more       people do the procedure, get comfortable with the procedure, and start to       apply their brains to the creative aspects of what can be done with this       procedure, what we'll find is there are a lot of things that I haven't       been clever enough to think of that will eventually become the norm."
       
       