Contraception

Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) is thought to play a role in several stages of carcinogenesis through its contribution to immunocomptence, inhibition of mutation formation and repair of membranes and DNA.

A number of case-control and cohort studies have demonstrated a relationship between high intake of foods rich in carotenoids, Tocopherols, and vitamin C with a reduced risk of certain human malignancies.

Discussion between Mark Perloe, MD, and Bruno Lunefeld, MD, on the risks associated with ovulation induction in breast cancer and ovarian cancer.

Susan is a 58-year-old woman who saw her family physician after a few weeks of mild abdominal pain and bloating. The examination of her abdomen was normal, as was a pelvic and rectal exam. Blood tests for infection, liver and gall bladder problems were also normal.

Human Papillomavirus has emerged as a distinct cause of cervical changes in young women. Its prevalence is continuously growing and is considered at epidemic proportions with 20 million Americans already infected and 5.5 million new cases reported annually. (2) (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tracking the Hidden Epidemics., Trends in STDs in the U.S. 2000, Atlanta, Georgia, 2000)

Obstetricians and gynecologists now have a new guide that rates the safety of different contraceptives on a scale of 1 to 4 based on an individual woman’s health status, age, and preexisting medical conditions. The new guide was issued by The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (The College) and is based on the U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2010.

The first vaccine to prevent human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer has been licensed, and in future, vaccination may be routinely offered to 10–14 year old girls. HPV is a sexually transmitted virus and some parents may refuse consent for vaccination.

Classification of Heart Diseases in Pregnancy: Incidence: 1% of all pregnancies 1-Rheumatic valve diseases (still the most common in the developing countries.) MS, MR, DM, AS, AR. 2-Congenital disorders (The most common in developed countries.) ASD, VSD, PDA, coarcitation of the aorta, Fallot's tetralogy, Eisenminger syndrome and Marfan syndrome. 3-Others: Arrhythmias, ischemic heart disease and cardiomyopathy.

New guidelines from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists contain recommendations to help prevent, manage and treat blood clots in pregnant women. Blood clots are a leading cause of maternal morbidity, with pregnancy associated with a four-fold increase in the risk of thromboembolism. As such, ACOG released “Thromboembolism in Pregnancy” in the September 2011 issue of Obstetrics & Gynecology to guide clinicians in the prevention, management and treatment of blood clots during pregnancy.

Accurate diagnosis of uterine fibroids is essential in deciding if treatment is necessary, and planning appropriate treatment.n While a physical exam may suggest fibroids, other conditions such as ovarian cysts or adenomyosis may be mistaken for fibroids. For this reason, I routinely do an ultrasound examination at the time of the first visit when a woman has symptoms of abnormal bleeding or cramping, or if I feel an abnormality on examination.

The US Department of Health and Human Services announced on August 1, 2011, that women will receive preventive health services at no additional cost. This historic new guideline is an effort to improve use of preventive services and to reduce health care costs related to preventable diseases and conditions.

Hirsutism: • Not an increase in the number of hair follices but an alteration in their character. • An increase in the transformation of the vellus to terminal hair. • {Androgens will convert lanugo & vellus hair to terminal hair}.

Puberty Dr. Ashraf Fouda Damietta General Hospital Puberty It is a physiological phase lasting 2 to 5 years, during which the genital organs mature. Manifestations of puberty in the female include:

DEFINE Any deviation in normal frequency, duration or amount of menstration in women of reproductive age. NORMAL MENSES Frequency: 21-35 d Duration: 3-7 d Volume: 30-80 ml

• The name of this group of diseases was changed from "venereal diseases" to "sexually transmitted diseases" or "STDs" • Now many persons call them "sexually transmitted infections" or "STIs."

Serial BSU's • -hCG Levels Double Every 48 Hrs • < 66% Rise / 48 Hrs Consistent With Ectopic • Single Determination Not Helpful • Best If Done Within Same Laboratory • Never Rules Out Ectopic

1. Introduction • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a common cause of morbidity and accounts for 1 in 60 GP consultations by women under the age of 45

Definitions Primary amenorrheaFailure of menarche to occur when expected in relation to the onset of pubertal development. • No menarche by age 16 years with signs of pubertal development. • No onset of pubertal development by age 14 years. Secondary amenorrhea • Absence of menstruation for 3 or more months in a perviously mentruating women of reproductive age.

ORMELOXIFNE - A new Treatment Modality in DUB Dr. Surendra Nath Panda, M.S. Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology M.K.C.G. Medical CollegeBerhampur, Orissa, INDIA

CLINICAL PICTURE •Vaginal Bleeding I. Speculum Examination:The vagina is full with clots, portio exophytic or shows. Carcinoma crater surface bleeding stronger after touching.II. Palpation:Often large tumor that fills the small pelvis.

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