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A recent study found that postmenopausal women may be at risk of developing breast cancer, and that this risk is tied to factors other than family history.

This patient is a 50 year old GoPo female whose last period was four years ago. She was being followed by a gynecologist for pelvic pain and recently had an ultrasound showing a thickened endometrium. It was recommended that she have a D & C. She sought a second opinion prior to having the procedure.

Laparoscopic hysterectomy was first described in 1989 (Reich) and rapidly thereafter in 1991 laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy was also described (Querleu). During the 1990s the role of pelvic and latterly para aortic lymphadenectomy has been extended and is now an integral part of best practice Gynaecological Oncology Departments.

After more than 50 years, pneumoperitoneum with carbon dioxide remains the standard for creating a working space for laparoscopic surgery. Although the physiologic problems resulting from CO2 pneumoperitoneum have been well documented, they are becoming more of a concern as older, more debilitated women are undergoing longer, more extensive laparoscopic procedures

Hysterectomy continues to be a common gynecologic operation. Approximately 600,000 patients undergo surgical removal of the uterus annually at a considerable cost to payers, patients, and society at large. Currently most hysterectomies are via the abdominal or vaginal approach but fortunately for patients laparoscopic assisted procedures are becoming more popular. Many studies have shown the laparoscopic approach as safe, effective, and a less intrusive alternative to open surgery.

Dr. J. B. Dubuisson began the great debated entitled Laparoscopic Myomectomy is a Safe Procedure by outlining the conditions under which laparoscopic myomectomy is a safe procedure.

Endometriosis is a gynecological disease affecting women in their reproductive years. The reported incidence of endometriosis among infertile women is 20-50%, and 39-59% among those with pelvic pain. This is in contrast to 15-18% incidental findings of endometriosis among women undergoing tubal sterilization. The question of whether endometriosis causes infertility has been a subject of debate for many years. In this review, the association between infertility and endometriosis and the treatment are discussed.

Transvaginal hydro laparoscopy (THL) is a new approach to pelvic anatomic evaluation in the infertile woman. In this procedure a dilating trocar is inserted through the osterior vaginal wall for endoscopic pelvic examination. Normal saline is used to float the bowel out of the pelvis so that one can evaluate the distal Fallopian tubes, ovarian surfaces, pelvic sidewalls, and the cul-de-sac. The THL procedure makes in-office pelvic endoscopy, hysteroscopy, and dye hydrotubation a reality.

Hysteroscopy performed with liquid media at a sufficient pressure, usually between 70 mm and 90 mm Hg of true intrauterine pressure, will bring about satisfactory uterine distention, but not necessarily adequate visualization. Depending on the amount of intraoperative bleeding, an adequate flow rate of the media with separate channels of entry and egress is necessary to have a clear operative field.

For the gynecologist, the introduction of the resectoscope revolutionized the management of submucous myomata that cause uncontrollable uterine bleeding, infertility and pregnancy wastage, and the con-servative control of persistent and excessive uterine bleeding unrelated to uterine filling defects.

In the last 20 years there has been an increased acceptance of hysteroscopic surgery into the gynecological surgical armamentarium. Endometrial ablation and resection offer viable alternatives to hysterectomy for women with intractable uterine bleeding.

Over the past decade and a half there has been a standardization in the use of the colposcope for photo documentation in the evaluation of child sexual abuse cases. The use of colposcopy has become the standard of care for pre-adolescent children, and medical professionals recognize the added specific benefits of video colposcopy for the evaluation of adolescent and adult sexual assault victims.

Laparoscopy has revolutionized the practice of modern operative gynecology and has progressed from simple diagnostic work to advanced operative procedures.[

Urinary incontinence is defined as the involuntary loss of urine that is objectively demonstrated and is a social and hygienic problem. The condition may effect up to 40% of women during the course of their lives and could be present in as many as 20 million patients annually.

Every year, resident programs spend financial and human resources to sort out the various candidates applying for a spot in their program in hopes of securing the most ideal candidates. In 2009 there were 1796 applicants for the 1185 residency positions in the specialty of obstetrics and gynecology.

More than ten years have passed by since we first performed a laparoscopic myomectomy in our Department using Semm’s technique. As far as a subserous myoma is concerned, there are no particular problems; difficulties arise when dealing with intramural myomas.

From its beginnings back in 1991, in our Department, the laparoscopic approach to pelvic prolapse has changed considerably over the decade. Initially limited to strict reproduction of the techniques carried out by laparotomy, the introduction of a number of complementary procedures has provided an answer to all the situations encountered in the field of female genital prolapse repair.

Diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis is the most frequent reason for gynecologic operative laparoscopy in the United States (Peterson et al,1990). Therefore, the laparoscopist must be thoroughly familiar with the current standards of diagnosis and management of this complex disease.

The first laparoscopic lymphadenectomy was reported in the late 1980’s and safety of this procedure has been largely proved. Familiarity with instrumentation and management of complication is a prerequisite to perform this procedure.

Introduction: Intestinal endometriosis is a disabling disease present in 6% to 30% of deep endometriosis cases. It can be the cause of abdominal bloating, constipation, intestinal cramping and painful bowel movements, defecation pain and intestinal stenosis up to intestinal occlusion. Colorectal endometriosis requires surgical treatment that can be performed by abdominal route or by laparoscopy. The present study describes the total laparoscopic rectosigmoid resection in case of deep endometriosis with bowel involvement.

After having been almost abandoned, supracervical hysterectomy has been recently re-advocated, especially after the development of laparoscopy, because it is stated to have less morbidity and minor intra-operative complications. However, long term outcomes report high incidences of late complications

Electro-surgery is very important in operative endoscopic surgery and probably represents the cheapest way to carry out a section and a coagulation.

Vaginal hysterectomy can be the standard procedure for removing the uterus, but surgical skills and indications to vaginal surgery are variable. Laparoscopic assistance to vaginal hysterectomy is a way to change the approach to hysterectomy. In this paper we describe our retroperitoneal technique for laparoscopic securing of the uterine pedicles.

The patient was a 30 year old female patient, para 0, who was diagnosed to have a cervical adenocarcinoma on a screening PAP smear. A subsequent endocervical curettage revealed a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma with focal invasion. She underwent a cone biopsy and a repeated endocervical curettage which revealed an adenocarcinoma in situ with two foci of microinvasion consisting with a Stage IA2 lesion.

Research shows that to reduce the risk of gestational diabetes, exercise intensity should reach at least 60% of the heart rate reserve during pregnancy while gradually increasing physical-activity energy expenditure.

To interpret the literature describing the results of surgery for endometriosis, a clear understanding of the evolution and limitations of the various techniques is necessary. Up to the end of the 1970’s, minimal and mild endometriosis was destroyed endoscopically by heat application (endothermia) and by unipolar or bipolar coagulation. Treatment of more severe endometriotic disease was mostly radical by hysterectomy, often leaving some rectovaginal endometriosis which has not been fully recognised before 1989.

Endometriosis can infiltrate the surrounding tissues resulting in an important sclerotic, and inflammatory reaction which can translate clinically in nodularity, bowel stenosis and ureteral obstruction. The most severe forms such as rectovaginal endometriosis and endometriosis invading the rectum or the sigmoid have been known since the beginning of this century. These conditions, however, are relatively rare with an estimated prevalence of less than 1%.

Laparoscopy, looking inside the abdomen through a tube placed through a small incision, is a procedure commonly used by gynecologists to diagnose and treat a number of medical conditions. Since the early 1900's when rudimentary laparoscopes were used to visualize, but not treat, abdominal diseases, advancements in this technique have led to the ability to perform complex surgical procedures through a few small incisions, rather than the larger incisions used in the past.